Even though blogging is becoming more and more popular among scientists and researchers, I still notice some doubts and hesitation among my peers when it comes to blogging.
Some people react by saying "Who am I to speak up?", some think it is an (innocent) waste of time on the internet, others think of it as shameless self-promotion.
Over the past nine years, I've been having blogs here and there, but I never really made a solid habit out of blogging and I always ended up discontented with my own writing and deleting posts and even entire blogs - until this blog which is now a little over one year old.
Although I did not have a strong motivation to start this blog (it was initially part of my day zero project which didn't lead to much), I have found the following reasons along the way to keep writing here:
1. A place to reflect
A main motivator for writing posts here, is self-reflection. Besides the research itself which I've been carrying out over the past years, I've come to an understanding of the broader implications of doing a PhD. Writing out what I've learned, and how I tackle certain situations, makes the entire learning process clearer to me. For example, recently I was wondering how much (or how little) my presentation style has changed after presenting at several conferences. I realized that I am not nervous anymore about presenting, and that I have found a certain routine which helps me to put a slideshow together within a relatively short amount of time. Thinking about this, and documenting what I've learned, helps me to realistically assess my development, instead of just worrying about all the work that still needs to be done before I can graduate.
2. Documenting a journey
I've added additional pages to this blog, so I can keep track of the presentations I've given and the papers I've written so far. Also, I use this webspace to combine the links towards my slideshare presentations, as well as published papers which can be found online.
3. Practice writing
I have the habit of writing an entire paragraph in a paper, and then simply select and delete it because I'm not satisfied with it, only to find myself staring at a blank screen again. It's a well-known advice that the more you write, the easier it becomes. Dissertation writing guides typically will tell you to make writing a daily habit. I too have experienced that writing a lot (blogging, journaling, writing small reports, scribbling notes about my literature review and all other forms of writing, have helped me to form coherent sentences. Also, I've become less harsh on myself - I can always edit afterwards if I find a mistake.
4. Say "hi" to the world
I'm not really interested in shameless self-promotion, but I simply do think that my work is interesting, and that there must be people nerdy enough out there who might be interested in my work. By making it googleable, and by showing some of my results and work, I want to wave at whoever might be interested in exchanging ideas on my research topic.
5. Not: money
Recently, I've been receiving some emails about sponsorships, but I've been declining. I'm not interested in making money from blogging. I'm doing this for fun and for myself, and I'm just not interested in earning something from this. Also, I'm a bit bothered by comments which, at first appear to add to the contents of this blog, but then also link to a sometimes completely unrelated commercial business. I am not judging or condemning anyone else whose ambition it is to make money from blogging, but I'm only stating here that it is not my motivation and that I try to keep this place ad-free and spam-free.
The basic elements of a presentation with slides
on Monday, November 14, 2011
I've written this post for students who will give a research presentation for the first time, pointing out how slides can help you through your talk. In fact, I was recently reflecting on how my style of presenting has changed over the past two years, and what I wish I had known back then. I've reached the point where I can go to the front and present without my stomach trying to escape or my breath turning strange, but I don't fully enjoy it yet and I still have a lot of room for improvement.
1. An overview slide
The audience will appreciate if you tell them first what they can expect from your presentation. If you give an outline of how your presentation will look like, it is easier for the listener to place the different slides and parts of the story within the framework that you present in the beginning.
2. Spend time on your introduction
Don't think you should rush to the core and show the world the wonderful science you are spending your time on. A good introduction is necessary to make sure your audience can actually understand the bigger problem, and then -hopefully- follow your approach to the problem.
Also, on conferences in FarFarAway, I like taking the opportunity to briefly sum up the other research related to my topic done in our research group, and introduce the different partners which work on the general research project of which my PhD is a part.
3. Using formulas
I heard this at TEDxDelft:
“With every formula you show, you lose half of your audience; on my first slide there are two” — Leo Kouwenhoven
Don't fill up your slides with formulas, no one will remember them and maybe people won't be able to read or analyze them when you go over them too fast.
If you need to use a formula (or more), take your audience by the hand and walk them through the equation. I like using animations to highlight parts of formulas and explain step by step why a certain parameter is in the formula. Otherwise, if you only want to point out one parameter, you can use a phrase like: "What I want you to notice in this formula is the relation between XX and XXX." (Credit goes to Dr. Rosenstein, who taught me to explain visual data by grabbing the attention of the audience with the "what I want you to notice here" phrase).
4. How to explain graphs
I hate it when someone says: "and this graph shows the results" and then continues to the next slide. From a course by Dr. Rosenstein I took at Georgia Tech, I remembered the following for the rest of my presenting days:
- explain which variable is on the x-axis, and which units it has,
- explain which variable is on the y-axis, and which units it has,
- explain the data points,
- explain the legend,
- state the conclusion, what we can learn from that graph.
5. The end
Here's a great post on how to end a presentation. It is very similar to how I finish a presentation, including the ending phrase from Dr. Rosenstein's course.
Here's a recent example of one of my presentations.
1. An overview slide
The audience will appreciate if you tell them first what they can expect from your presentation. If you give an outline of how your presentation will look like, it is easier for the listener to place the different slides and parts of the story within the framework that you present in the beginning.
2. Spend time on your introduction
Don't think you should rush to the core and show the world the wonderful science you are spending your time on. A good introduction is necessary to make sure your audience can actually understand the bigger problem, and then -hopefully- follow your approach to the problem.
Also, on conferences in FarFarAway, I like taking the opportunity to briefly sum up the other research related to my topic done in our research group, and introduce the different partners which work on the general research project of which my PhD is a part.
3. Using formulas
I heard this at TEDxDelft:
“With every formula you show, you lose half of your audience; on my first slide there are two” — Leo Kouwenhoven
Don't fill up your slides with formulas, no one will remember them and maybe people won't be able to read or analyze them when you go over them too fast.
If you need to use a formula (or more), take your audience by the hand and walk them through the equation. I like using animations to highlight parts of formulas and explain step by step why a certain parameter is in the formula. Otherwise, if you only want to point out one parameter, you can use a phrase like: "What I want you to notice in this formula is the relation between XX and XXX." (Credit goes to Dr. Rosenstein, who taught me to explain visual data by grabbing the attention of the audience with the "what I want you to notice here" phrase).
4. How to explain graphs
I hate it when someone says: "and this graph shows the results" and then continues to the next slide. From a course by Dr. Rosenstein I took at Georgia Tech, I remembered the following for the rest of my presenting days:
- explain which variable is on the x-axis, and which units it has,
- explain which variable is on the y-axis, and which units it has,
- explain the data points,
- explain the legend,
- state the conclusion, what we can learn from that graph.
5. The end
Here's a great post on how to end a presentation. It is very similar to how I finish a presentation, including the ending phrase from Dr. Rosenstein's course.
Here's a recent example of one of my presentations.
How to present calculations in a report
on Sunday, November 13, 2011
I recently spent a decent amount of hours trying a answer a question my advisor had asked. As a result, I ended up with a pile of papers, some printed out graphs and pieces of Matlab and MathCad code, and random sheets with hand calculations - and only an indication of the answer. As I thought this topic deserved some additional attention, I combined the chaos on my desk into a 44-page report (in less than 20 hours of time, while still running additional calculations).
Here's how I organized the material:
1. How did it start?
Why did I decided to spend some time on this topic? What are the limitations of the previously used techniques and what will I try to solve in this document?
I used the answers to these questions to try and keep the bigger picture in mind.
2. What does the literature say?
What useful information and descriptions are available in the literature?
Not all of the papers I had read were useful. I did end up citing most of them, but some of them I discussed in larger detail. I distilled the methods which I ended up trying out myself, and clearly wrote how they should be applied for the question at hand.
3. Structure the calculations
Even though this is work-in-progress, I wanted to bring the different pieces of code and calculations together. I went through the print-outs of code, my own hand calculations, the tables and graphs I had accumulated while working on this problem, and decided to copy and paste the relevant parts right into the document. Although this would not lead to a neat final report, I decided I wanted to show the train of thought which I followed to my advisors, to show clearly the process and be able to discuss the steps I took.
4. The assumptions
I made a separate section which focused on the limitations and assumptions I had used in the calculations. I also discussed some advantages and disadvantages of some of the assumptions i had made - to facilitate the discussion on the calculations. Likewise, I added a list of questions and uncertainties which need to be discussed.
5. Give up on perfectionism
Even though I aimed at fully answering the question my advisor had asked me, I contented myself with the idea that I had found interesting material on my way, had played around with several methods, and learned from it - but I did not find a conclusive answer yet. A few years ago, I would have never the problem rest before having a full solution. However, that is not even possible in research - assumptions need to be discussed , and sometimes some advice along the way is more than welcome.
6. What did we learn?
After all the calculations, which directions are open to be chosen? What can we conclude up to now?
Do you have a clear way to present calculations? Please let me know in the comments section
Here's how I organized the material:
1. How did it start?
Why did I decided to spend some time on this topic? What are the limitations of the previously used techniques and what will I try to solve in this document?
I used the answers to these questions to try and keep the bigger picture in mind.
2. What does the literature say?
What useful information and descriptions are available in the literature?
Not all of the papers I had read were useful. I did end up citing most of them, but some of them I discussed in larger detail. I distilled the methods which I ended up trying out myself, and clearly wrote how they should be applied for the question at hand.
3. Structure the calculations
Even though this is work-in-progress, I wanted to bring the different pieces of code and calculations together. I went through the print-outs of code, my own hand calculations, the tables and graphs I had accumulated while working on this problem, and decided to copy and paste the relevant parts right into the document. Although this would not lead to a neat final report, I decided I wanted to show the train of thought which I followed to my advisors, to show clearly the process and be able to discuss the steps I took.
4. The assumptions
I made a separate section which focused on the limitations and assumptions I had used in the calculations. I also discussed some advantages and disadvantages of some of the assumptions i had made - to facilitate the discussion on the calculations. Likewise, I added a list of questions and uncertainties which need to be discussed.
5. Give up on perfectionism
Even though I aimed at fully answering the question my advisor had asked me, I contented myself with the idea that I had found interesting material on my way, had played around with several methods, and learned from it - but I did not find a conclusive answer yet. A few years ago, I would have never the problem rest before having a full solution. However, that is not even possible in research - assumptions need to be discussed , and sometimes some advice along the way is more than welcome.
6. What did we learn?
After all the calculations, which directions are open to be chosen? What can we conclude up to now?
Do you have a clear way to present calculations? Please let me know in the comments section
Ideas - and Feynman (TEDxDelft)
This blog was originally written live at TEDxDelft 2011
When I woke up this morning, all excited about today's event, I started thinking about "ideas worth spreading". Somehow, and not surprisingly, I thought of Richard Feynman. His way of thinking, and him being a top-notch scientist, are both a lasting inspiration and a close-to-home link to TEDxDelft
Feynman on the environment for ideas
In "Surely, you're joking Mr. Feynman", Feynman explains his way of working, developing ideas and the necessary conditions for developing ideas.
Feynman's way of working reflected his love for solving riddles. He loved breaking locks, solving puzzles and taking part radios. He loved a challenge as well, and was fueled by curiosity (when lecturing in Brazil, he ended up playing in a samba band).
When Feynman "got stuck" in research at a certain point, he saw a certain object falling down, and wanted to write down the equations of motion. Just the fact that he started working on "something", and he started developing equations again, he managed to get his thoughts and research back on track.
Feynman challenges the idea some scientists have that you need the ideal conditions to do great work:
When I was at Princeton in the 1940s I could see what happened to those great minds at the Institute for Advanced Study, who had been specially selected for their tremendous brains and were now given this opportunity to sit in this lovely house by the woods there, with no classes to teach, with no obligations whatsoever. These poor bastards could now sit and think clearly all by themselves, OK? So they don’t get any ideas for a while: They have every opportunity to do something, and they’re not getting any ideas. I believe that in a situation like this a kind of guilt or depression worms inside of you, and you begin to worry about not getting any ideas. And nothing happens. Still no ideas come. Nothing happens because there’s not enough real activity and challenge: You’re not in contact with the experimental guys. You don’t have to think how to answer questions from the students. Nothing!
In fact, Feynman told that he liked working from strip clubs and bars.
Understanding in order to build up an idea
When Feynman thought he could not understand another researcher's presentation and paper, his sister sent him upstairs with the paper and told him to work on it himself. When he started to break down the paper and work through it himself, equation by equation, he could understand and even take the ideas a step further. Some argue that he could not accept any idea at all, and that he needed to break everything down and then build it up from scratch in his own mind. Others write: "I think Feynman had a healthy respect for how our minds actually work — as opposed to how they might work if they were ideal reasoning machines."
Fully breaking down a concept into its core elements, understanding these elements and then using them for your own ideas, is a true challenge, but it is the fuel which drives ideas fundamentally progressing science and our society.
Feynman and TEDx
An example of how closely TED(x) and Feynman are related, can be seen here. The university where he spent most of his career, is organizing a TEDx event on Feynman's vision.
Also, Feynman's ideas just appeared a few moments ago in Leo Kouwenhoven's TEDxDelft talk.
When I woke up this morning, all excited about today's event, I started thinking about "ideas worth spreading". Somehow, and not surprisingly, I thought of Richard Feynman. His way of thinking, and him being a top-notch scientist, are both a lasting inspiration and a close-to-home link to TEDxDelft
Feynman on the environment for ideas
In "Surely, you're joking Mr. Feynman", Feynman explains his way of working, developing ideas and the necessary conditions for developing ideas.
Feynman's way of working reflected his love for solving riddles. He loved breaking locks, solving puzzles and taking part radios. He loved a challenge as well, and was fueled by curiosity (when lecturing in Brazil, he ended up playing in a samba band).
When Feynman "got stuck" in research at a certain point, he saw a certain object falling down, and wanted to write down the equations of motion. Just the fact that he started working on "something", and he started developing equations again, he managed to get his thoughts and research back on track.
Feynman challenges the idea some scientists have that you need the ideal conditions to do great work:
When I was at Princeton in the 1940s I could see what happened to those great minds at the Institute for Advanced Study, who had been specially selected for their tremendous brains and were now given this opportunity to sit in this lovely house by the woods there, with no classes to teach, with no obligations whatsoever. These poor bastards could now sit and think clearly all by themselves, OK? So they don’t get any ideas for a while: They have every opportunity to do something, and they’re not getting any ideas. I believe that in a situation like this a kind of guilt or depression worms inside of you, and you begin to worry about not getting any ideas. And nothing happens. Still no ideas come. Nothing happens because there’s not enough real activity and challenge: You’re not in contact with the experimental guys. You don’t have to think how to answer questions from the students. Nothing!
In fact, Feynman told that he liked working from strip clubs and bars.
Understanding in order to build up an idea
When Feynman thought he could not understand another researcher's presentation and paper, his sister sent him upstairs with the paper and told him to work on it himself. When he started to break down the paper and work through it himself, equation by equation, he could understand and even take the ideas a step further. Some argue that he could not accept any idea at all, and that he needed to break everything down and then build it up from scratch in his own mind. Others write: "I think Feynman had a healthy respect for how our minds actually work — as opposed to how they might work if they were ideal reasoning machines."
Fully breaking down a concept into its core elements, understanding these elements and then using them for your own ideas, is a true challenge, but it is the fuel which drives ideas fundamentally progressing science and our society.
Feynman and TEDx
An example of how closely TED(x) and Feynman are related, can be seen here. The university where he spent most of his career, is organizing a TEDx event on Feynman's vision.
Also, Feynman's ideas just appeared a few moments ago in Leo Kouwenhoven's TEDxDelft talk.
Space: Research and Tourism (TEDxDelft)
I originally live-blogged this post from TEDxDelft
The first Dutch-born astronaut ever, Lodewijk van den Berg, gave an inspiring talk about research in space, and how he went from being a crystal growth scientist to becoming an astronaut.
From scientist to astronaut
The dilemma was: "Should we train a scientist specialized in crystal growth to become an astronaut, or should we make an astronaut study crystal growth?"
From thinking he would never have a chance to be selected because of his age and bad eyesight, Lodewijk van den Berg ended up becoming the prime crew member for the experiments on crystal growth in zero gravity. During his talk, he made the critical remark that for space travel and research, emotions override the rational considerations. The wish to participate in such research become stronger than the rational notion of the risks involved.
Being able to carry out research in zero gravity requires us to understand the effect of gravity on our lives and society. With some movies shot in space (showing a crew member in continuous rotation around his axis, and a bubble of grape juice, and the remark you need perfect table manners in space), Lodewijk van den Berg moved to the motion of fully living three-dimensional in space.
Satellites can be considered as the most basic device for the exploration of space, or wifi over very large distances. These devices allow us to make observations, but they are limited: they cannot carry out experiments. Humans in space, on the other, can both carry out experiments and serve as experimental animals, influencing the practice of medicine on Earth.
The necessary requirements for space research
Three elements are required for research in space:
1. A scientific base:
Obviously, you need to design experiments, understand the scientific issues involved and carefully prepare for an experiment.
2. Coordination:
One of the challenges is to make different groups, of different disciplines and different backgrounds and nationalities work together. A free flow of information is required.
3. Budget:
An adequate budget, sometimes providing research funding for several decades, is necessary to go from an "idea" to a "finished experiment".
Current problems and solutions
Nowadays, three regional groups dominate space research and exploration: US, Russia and the EU. Together, and with the help of Japan, Australia and Canada, they have contributed to the ISS, thus fulfilling the second criterion on coordination.
However, three problems are putting borders to the progress of space research:
1. Space shuttle:
The termination of the space shuttle program by the US cuts away one of the ways of transportation between Earth and the ISS.
2. Malfunction of the Russian spacecrafts:
Recently, mechanical problems with the Russian spacecrafts, has taken away the redundancy to get people up and down to the space station.
3. Decentralization of the European space program:
Instead of bringing the European researchers and scientists working on the space program together (and thus fulfilling the second criterion), the institutions are more and more being distributed over the different regions, and thus taking away the daily interaction between the major players in this field.
4. The crisis, always the crisis:
No money, no budget. Research, science and education are among the first victims of the crisis.
However, Lodewijk van den Berg had a positive message and solutions to these problems as well, and gave us an outlook on the future of the space program:
1. Commercial space travel
Soon, when commercial space travel will be available, a new stream of revenue will be created and this will create an additional source of funding for space research.
2. A real global view
We should think as a planet, not as rivaling nations anymore. The major players should open up and work together with China. A real global program, in which all research findings are shared is necessary. He suggest the creation of a UN space office, that really operates on a global scale. (This did remind me of when I watched the debate for the Republican nomination two weeks ago, in which all candidates were defending the idea of the US cutting back on its support to the UN). The only way to move forward is to create a planet-wide space program.
A personal note
As you might have noticed from my emphasis on this talk, I love everything related to space exploration. In fact, at the age of 18 , I was doubting between studying engineering in Belgium, or coming to Delft to study aerospace engineering.
Here's a few places where I've been, and which I highly recommend to everyone interested in rockets and space exploration:
1. Space Camp and the Euro Space Center
As a 10-year-old kid, I had a blast at the camp - and I would encourage all parents to send curious kids to this camp.
2. International Space Camp and the US Space and Rocket Center
My first trip to the US (I was 16 then) took me to Huntsville, AL, where I spent a week with students from all over the world, learning about space research, space missions and the work of astronauts. I went back to the US Space and Rocket Center when I was living in Atlanta, GA and I felt the same excitement I had felt 8 years before. I think every scientist, every engineer and every dreamer can't dislike a wonderful place like that.
3. Cape Canaveral
Bad planning and a lack of time resulted in me only seeing the outside of this holy place for space exploration, but passing by was still an inspiring moment.
4. Noordwijk
The closest to Delft, is the Space Expo in Noordwijk. If you haven't been there, and liked today's talk, you might like to go and visit. I remember enjoying it very much.
5. National Air and Space museum, DC
This museum is the most recent addition to my space-related trips and visits. I spent more than 4 hours there, reading and taking in sights of the rockets. If you're in DC, it's worth t stop by and learn.
The first Dutch-born astronaut ever, Lodewijk van den Berg, gave an inspiring talk about research in space, and how he went from being a crystal growth scientist to becoming an astronaut.
From scientist to astronaut
The dilemma was: "Should we train a scientist specialized in crystal growth to become an astronaut, or should we make an astronaut study crystal growth?"
From thinking he would never have a chance to be selected because of his age and bad eyesight, Lodewijk van den Berg ended up becoming the prime crew member for the experiments on crystal growth in zero gravity. During his talk, he made the critical remark that for space travel and research, emotions override the rational considerations. The wish to participate in such research become stronger than the rational notion of the risks involved.
Being able to carry out research in zero gravity requires us to understand the effect of gravity on our lives and society. With some movies shot in space (showing a crew member in continuous rotation around his axis, and a bubble of grape juice, and the remark you need perfect table manners in space), Lodewijk van den Berg moved to the motion of fully living three-dimensional in space.
Satellites can be considered as the most basic device for the exploration of space, or wifi over very large distances. These devices allow us to make observations, but they are limited: they cannot carry out experiments. Humans in space, on the other, can both carry out experiments and serve as experimental animals, influencing the practice of medicine on Earth.
The necessary requirements for space research
Three elements are required for research in space:
1. A scientific base:
Obviously, you need to design experiments, understand the scientific issues involved and carefully prepare for an experiment.
2. Coordination:
One of the challenges is to make different groups, of different disciplines and different backgrounds and nationalities work together. A free flow of information is required.
3. Budget:
An adequate budget, sometimes providing research funding for several decades, is necessary to go from an "idea" to a "finished experiment".
Current problems and solutions
Nowadays, three regional groups dominate space research and exploration: US, Russia and the EU. Together, and with the help of Japan, Australia and Canada, they have contributed to the ISS, thus fulfilling the second criterion on coordination.
However, three problems are putting borders to the progress of space research:
1. Space shuttle:
The termination of the space shuttle program by the US cuts away one of the ways of transportation between Earth and the ISS.
2. Malfunction of the Russian spacecrafts:
Recently, mechanical problems with the Russian spacecrafts, has taken away the redundancy to get people up and down to the space station.
3. Decentralization of the European space program:
Instead of bringing the European researchers and scientists working on the space program together (and thus fulfilling the second criterion), the institutions are more and more being distributed over the different regions, and thus taking away the daily interaction between the major players in this field.
4. The crisis, always the crisis:
No money, no budget. Research, science and education are among the first victims of the crisis.
However, Lodewijk van den Berg had a positive message and solutions to these problems as well, and gave us an outlook on the future of the space program:
1. Commercial space travel
Soon, when commercial space travel will be available, a new stream of revenue will be created and this will create an additional source of funding for space research.
2. A real global view
We should think as a planet, not as rivaling nations anymore. The major players should open up and work together with China. A real global program, in which all research findings are shared is necessary. He suggest the creation of a UN space office, that really operates on a global scale. (This did remind me of when I watched the debate for the Republican nomination two weeks ago, in which all candidates were defending the idea of the US cutting back on its support to the UN). The only way to move forward is to create a planet-wide space program.
A personal note
As you might have noticed from my emphasis on this talk, I love everything related to space exploration. In fact, at the age of 18 , I was doubting between studying engineering in Belgium, or coming to Delft to study aerospace engineering.
Here's a few places where I've been, and which I highly recommend to everyone interested in rockets and space exploration:
1. Space Camp and the Euro Space Center
As a 10-year-old kid, I had a blast at the camp - and I would encourage all parents to send curious kids to this camp.
2. International Space Camp and the US Space and Rocket Center
My first trip to the US (I was 16 then) took me to Huntsville, AL, where I spent a week with students from all over the world, learning about space research, space missions and the work of astronauts. I went back to the US Space and Rocket Center when I was living in Atlanta, GA and I felt the same excitement I had felt 8 years before. I think every scientist, every engineer and every dreamer can't dislike a wonderful place like that.
3. Cape Canaveral
Bad planning and a lack of time resulted in me only seeing the outside of this holy place for space exploration, but passing by was still an inspiring moment.
4. Noordwijk
The closest to Delft, is the Space Expo in Noordwijk. If you haven't been there, and liked today's talk, you might like to go and visit. I remember enjoying it very much.
5. National Air and Space museum, DC
This museum is the most recent addition to my space-related trips and visits. I spent more than 4 hours there, reading and taking in sights of the rockets. If you're in DC, it's worth t stop by and learn.
Live blogging at TEDxDelft
on Monday, November 7, 2011
Just a quick note: I'm live blogging from TEDxDelft today - and trying to keep a good shot of science and inspiration together.
All articles will appear here
All articles will appear here
Presentation at ACI Fall Convention
on Sunday, November 6, 2011
In a session on "Recent Developments in Reinforced Concrete Slab Analysis, Design and Serviceability" I gave the presentation for which you can find the slides in here:
A variety of topics with regard to reinforced slabs were covered in the session: from punching reinforcement provisions, over the history of slab design and the development of prestressing methods and analysis for slabs.
Shear capacity of slabs and slab strips loaded close to the support
View more presentations from elantsoght
A variety of topics with regard to reinforced slabs were covered in the session: from punching reinforcement provisions, over the history of slab design and the development of prestressing methods and analysis for slabs.
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